Miranda v. Arizona -what was the out come of the case and why i chose Term Paper

Miranda v. Arizona -what was the out come of the case and why i chose to report on it - Term Paper Example In short, this case succeeded in writing a new chapter in the criminal justice system in America which forced me to select this case and to write about it. A kidnapping and sexual assault occurred in Phoenix, Arizona, in March 1963. On March 13 Ernesto Miranda, 23, was arrested in his home, taken to the police station, identified by the victim, and taken into an interrogation room. Miranda was not told of his rights to counsel prior to questioning. Two hours later, investigators emerged from the room with a written confession signed by Miranda. It included a typed disclaimer, also signed by Miranda, stating that he had â€Å"full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make maybe used against me,† and that he had knowingly waived those rights. Two weeks later at a preliminary hearing, Miranda again was denied counsel. At his trial he did have a lawyer, whose objections to the use of Miranda's signed confession as evidence were overruled. Miranda was convict ed of kidnapping and rape, and received a 20-year sentence (Miranda v. Arizona (1966)) The above case raised lot of constitutional issues. According to The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, an accused or a witness has the right to protect himself from being forced to incriminate. In other words, the accused has the right to stay silent in police custody or to consult with a counsel before answering the questions of the investigating officer. In other words The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution gives a privilege against self-incrimination to the suspect or accused. Earlier, prior to this case, the investigating officers in United States were using all types of physical and psychological tortures to force the accused to accept the crime. They used circumstantial evidences to arrest the suspected people when a crime occurs. However, circumstantial evidences need not be hundred percent correct in all criminal cases. It is quite possible that a smart crim inal can commit crimes and mislead the investigating officers towards innocent people with the help of created evidences. If the police officer was not smart enough, he will take those circumstantial evidences or evidences collected from the spot seriously and arrest the innocent person. If that person was unaware of his rights in police custody, he may confess the crime in order to escape from the brutal interrogation methods of police. Thus, it is quite possible that an innocent may be punished by the court. According to the criminal justice system in America, not even a single innocent person should be punished even if thousands of criminals escaped from punishment. In other words, the criminal justice system urges the investigating officers to thinks twice or thrice before arresting person for a criminal activity. An accused has been given the right to consult with a lawyer before answering the questions of an investigating officer. It is quite possible that a smart investigatin g officer may ask misleading questions to the accused and force the accused to accept the crime. The investigating officer may have better knowledge about the criminal procedures than the accused and he can utilize that knowledge effectively to make an innocent person, a criminal. In order to avoid such

Histroy week1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Histroy week1 - Assignment Example Furthermore, history is important to individuals and society given that it harbors the immense beauty of the world. Besides, through numerous ways, history is discussed in order to understand real functions of subjects; in fact, this based on the talents and paths towards understanding meaning of history. Therefore, various definitions in history are utilized to understand fundamental facts identified in the present world. History is also considered a laboratory, where data that was gathered during past event can be accessed, and this can be applied in the quest to understand complexity of occurrences in the present. For instance, history has been applied in understanding of complexity among different species and their behaviors in social settings. History is unavoidable and it offers all-embracing ground that is evidential based on analysis of different functions regarding specific people. Therefore, understanding history help in embracing and acknowledging simplicity of the way peo ple live or coexist in the world. 2. What have been some important events in your personal history? Some of the most important events in my personal history regard to transitions from one way of life to another. For instance, moving out from home and living in order to earn a living and live independently. Though this was accompanied by challenges such as boredom due to change of environment, I was able to recover and proceed to live a good life. Besides, the day that I joined the university was a significant day that marked achievement of my academic objectives. Therefore, I consider my personal history to be important since it offers a basis of evaluation. Moreover, history helps me to determine the extent to which I have managed to achieve my personal objectives. I consider fundamental reasons of studying history to be based on diverse application of in my life. History serves a real purpose through its grounds based on human understanding of events in peoples’ lives. For instance, a story about a person’s live can be done in a way that reveals their functionalities and societies. In this way, history has prompted my thoughts regarding my experiences in life in terms of time and places. Therefore, my goals are sources of inspiration to make effort in reconstructing remote past, which is withdrawn from immediate present day utilization. To me, the encounters are very good as they nurtured my talent, hardened me to be able to handle challenging situation that do arise during my undertakings. This is because both positive and negative challenges we encounter offer an ample ground for learning various aspects of life interaction. 3. What do you know about your family’s history? I was unable to gather information regarding my ancestors due to lack of relevant sources of information. However, some of the relevant information concerning our family’s history regarded, where my parents lived after they got married and before I was born. I managed to access may family’s history of medical records, which indicated a number of significant issues; therefore, history has a great benefit in understanding various occurrences in the present. For instance, I wondered why I ended up to live in the neighborhood that I live in now; in fact, I realized that my ancestors were living in the same area. The historical information gathered can be very

Case study of the hybrid vehicle

Case study of the hybrid vehicle Alternative fuels are fuel that other than conventional fuel (fossil fuels or nuclear materials) used in energy-generated combustion such as biodiesel, hydrogen fuel, chemically stored electricity (hybrid), biomass and so on. Now there are many type of alternative transportation fuel in market. One of it is found out to be the hydrogen; however it is too expensive. So, instead, the automobile industry is embracing the idea of hybrid concept which switches between petrol and electricity. A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. Normally, such vehicles are powered by a combination of 2 energy sources: electricity and conventional fuel which mean combine a conventional ground propulsion system with an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to achieve better fuel economy in automobiles. However, conventional vehicle like a battery electric vehicle without being hampered by range from a charging unit uses batteries charged by an external source. The different propulsion power systems may have common subsystems or components. The major advantage of hybrid car over electric car is that the battery is recharge not from an external socket but from the vehicles gas-powered generator and from kinetic energy generated when the brakes are applied. The hybrid vehicle able to achieve greater fuel efficiency and lower emission than conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) resulting in less emission being generated. So, it contributes a lot to the environmental concern, as it reduces green house gasses, carbon emission. Besides, this high-tech low-emission vehicle can get over 60 miles/gallon (mpg), offering significant saving on fuel cost. In short, it is a better transportation choice for the sustainable development in future. Type of hybrid vehicle The electrical machine is designed to handle transient power variations and helps the engine to operate more constantly such that higher efficiency and lower tailpipe emissions can achieve. Many type of hybrid system exist in the engineering conceptual framework. Now many of them applied in the vehicle engine system. The following listed down few types of hybrid vehicle: 1. Series hybrid vehicles In a series hybrid vehicle, the internal combustion engine is not directly connected to the drive train at all; rather it powers an electrical generator instead. The advantage of this type of hybrid is the flexibility afforded by the lack of a mechanical link between the internal combustion engine and the wheels. Whilst, weakness of this system is that it require separate motor and generator portions which can be combined in some parallel hybrid engines; the combined efficiency of the motor and generator will be lower than that of a conventional transmission thereby offsetting the efficiency gains that might otherwise be realized. 2. Parallel Hybrid In a parallel hybrid the electric motor and the internal combustion engine are installed so that they can both individually or together power the vehicle (Wikipedia, 2010). They can be sub classified on the bases of the ratio of contribution to the motive power of the different component or portion. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit often situated between the internal combustion engine and the transmission replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator (Michael). 3. Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles A petroleum-electric hybrid normally uses internal combustion engines (gasoline or Diesel engines, powered by a variety of fuels) and electric batteries to power electric motors. Most designs combine a large electrical generator and a motor into one unit often situated between the internal combustion engine and the transmission replacing both the conventional starter motor and the alternator. Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid and Honda civic hybrid has this type of engines system. 4. Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle (COREV) This is a system that enables the battery of vehicle to recharge while the user drives. When the Battery Electric vehicle (BEV) establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel, it will trigger recharging mechanism. The BEVs batteries are recharged by this process on the highway and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. 5. Hybrid fuel (dual mode) Hybrid fuel vehicle is known as dual mode hybrid system which uses 2 or more different devices for propulsion, meaning the engine had the ability to use another fuel source to power the system except the electricity. This system contains not only 1 fuel and electricity but also another 1 or 2 back-up fuel in the system. There are many types of hybrid fuel used in different vehicle including dual mode bus, flexible-fuel vehicles, bi-fuel vehicle, modified fuel vehicle and motorized bicycle. The fuel used in this system range from hydrocarbon chained diesel (petroleum, ethanol, natural gas, gasoline and biobutanol) to vegetable oil. 6. Fluid power hybrid Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i.e. compressed air) drive units. The energy recovery rate is higher and therefore the system is more efficient than battery charged hybrids, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in EPA testing (Bruno, 2006). Under tests done by the EPA, a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 miles per US gallon (7.4 L/100 km; 38 mpg-imp) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg-imp) highway. UPS currently has two trucks in service with this technology. (Alex, L, 2006). The system has faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling and is cheaper than gas-electric hybrids, the accumulator size dictates total energy storage capacity and requires more space than a battery. (wikipedia, 2009) Degree of Hybridization A. Full Hybrid Electric Vehicles A full hybrid vehicle is the one that can run on just the engine, just the batteries or a combination of both. The Prius and Escape Hybrids are examples of this because both cars can be moved forward on battery alone. A large, high capacity battery pack is needed for battery only operation. These vehicles have a split power path that allows more flexibility in the drive train. To balance the forces from each portion, the vehicles use a differential style linkage between the engine and the motor connected to the head end of the transmission. B. Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles This type of hybrids use the engine for primary power, with a torque boosting electric motor connected to the conventional power train. The electric motor is essentially a very large motor which operates not only when the engine needs to be turned over, but also when the driver steps throttle pedal and require extra power. Assist hybrids differ fundamentally from full hybrids in that they cannot run on electric power alone. However since the amount of power needed is very small, the size of the battery system is relatively small. C. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles These are conventional vehicles with oversized starter motors; allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the car is coasting, braking or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power while the engine is off, and the motor is used for regenerative braking to recapture energy. The motor is used to run up the engine to operating speed before injecting any fuel. Many people do not consider these to be hybrids at all, and they do not achieve the fuel economy of full hybrid models. Case study on the Proton EMAS The first concept car, Proton EMAS, which is planned to be in production line soon (might be in 2011) makes Proton leading in front of others with the most high tech compact concept car design. This superb Electric Hybrid Car from Proton which has been designed by Italdesign and Engine Technology by Lotus and soon will be produced by Proton, local car manufacturer. The name, Emas, meaning gold in Malay, is the acronym for Eco Mobility Advanced Solutions. At the eightieth edition of the Geneva International Motor show (4-14 March 2010), Italdesign Giugiaro is introducing Emas, a family of low environmental impact cars that is set to revolutionize traditional segmentation in the car market. The design, created with the Malaysian manufacturer PROTON is based on a plug-in hybrid drive system designed with Lotus Engineering and was developed with the aim of optimizing the available on-board space and car access ergonomics. The prototype of Proton EMAS engine have different configuration that it might be conventional, hybrid with petrol engine, hybrid with natural gas engine or fully electric. Problem Statement: Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles emit carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon through their tailpipes. These gases result in global warming through green house gas effects and pollution which are harmful to both environment and lives. By the way, the prices of fossil fuels keep rising from time to time. There is a growing scientific consensus that increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions are changing the earths climate. Oil prices continue to sky rocket while tougher regulations and policies on permitted exhaust gases are being instituted in major cities of the world. These and some other related issues are compelling vehicle manufacturers to come up with fuel efficient vehicles. These types of vehicles are known as hybrid electric vehicles. Nowadays, the prices of petrol are continuously increased and this non-renewable energy is in critical level of shortages. The American petroleum institute estimated in 1999, the world will be completely run out of petroleum by 2062 to 2094. So, now more and more automobile industries are introduced many type of environmental friendly and petrol efficient car to reduced the usage of petrol and diesel. The significant of hybrid vehicle are increasingly important to the environmental sustainability. The trend of owning hybrid vehicle is very popular in western country since 1800s. However, the awareness of the green house effect to the climate change is still low among the Malaysian. Therefore, the hybrid vehicles until now still can not manage to gain attention of public and high market demand in Malaysia. Hybrid concept car had been introduced many years ago by Toyota Prius in Malaysia. But due to various factors, might be the expensive prices and technological problems cause the demand for this type of car is still low. Now, Proton launched a new series of Proton EMAS that follow hybrid concept. Will it be the next new generation wave that changes the Malaysian mindset in owning hybrid car? Since, Proton is the Malaysian owned local car manufacture, the prices of the hybrid car may lower compare to the Toyota Prius. The import tax and excise tax that applied on the stakeholder will considerably low compare to the Toyota Prius. So, will it be a better choice for Malaysian to have an environmental friendly car? Research question: 1, Is the introduction of the hybrid concept car to Malaysian bring a success. 2. How the hybrid concept in vehicle impact the environment and sustainable development in future. 2. What are the competitive advantages of the hybrid vehicle that difference from the other alternative fuels? Research Objective: 1. To investigate the respondents of society/public to the hybrid vehicle that had introduced. 2. To survey the effectiveness of the hybrid vehicle to the environmental concern. 3. To find out the way hybrid vehicle function correspondent to the sustainable development by comparing to other alternative fuels. Chapter 2: Literature Review 1) Market analysis on Hybrid vehicle 1. Assessing current vehicle performance and simulating the performance of hydrogen and hybrid cars Bent Sorensen, Roskilde University, Institute for Nature, Systems and Models; Energy, Environment and Climate group, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark This journal basically presented simulation study of the efficiency in transforming the energy input into transport works. The insight obtained in measure is compare with the result applying performance of fuel cell, electric vehicles and hybrid between the two. The author stated that: Some people are willing to spend more money on an inefficient car than on the most efficient ones offered in the marketplace, for reasons of biased advertising and the archaic notion that less efficient cars rank higher as status symbols. (Ben Sorensen, 2006). So, it means that the authors viewpoint is clear to panelize the market demand on the hybrid vehicle in future. 2. In the research of heather and Lester, 2002, they compare the 2nd generation of the 1st commercial hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) the Toyota Prius, to the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE), the Toyota Corolla. They found out that the more expensive and complicated Prius has lower pollution and CO2 gas emission and better fuel economy than the Corolla. Besides, the Prius is not cost-effective in improving fuel economy or lowering emission. For the Prius to be more attractive, they suggest that the price of gasoline should be lower about 3 times than the present and the social value of abating tailpipe emission would have to be 14 times greater than conventional value. So, they concluded that the hybrid will not have significant sales unless fuel price raise several-ford or regulation mandated. AGREE 3. Evaluation of electric motor and gasoline engine hybrid car using solar cells K. Sasaki*, M. Yokota, H. Nagayoshi, K. Kamisako In this paper, the utility of a hybrid car equipped with a gasoline engine, an electric motor and solar cells was evaluated. Though the capacities of the electric motor and batteries are half the size compared with conventional electric vehicles, it was confirmed that this car is sufficient for practical use. The total electric energy consumed in a day can be supplied by a 1.6 kW solar array which can be easily set on the roofs of common houses or parking lots. So, they concluded as such a hybrid car must contribute to depression of the air pollution in urban areas. (K. Sasaki, 1997) 4. Does the hybrid Toyota Prius lead to rebound effects? Analysis of size and number of cars previously owned by Swiss Prius buyers Peter de Haan *, Michel G. Mueller, Anja Peters Peter D.H et al (2006) in his analysis on the hybrid rebound effect found that the Toyota Prius 2 is indeed a product that effectively combines fuel efficiency and the satisfaction of consumer needs, and is successful in replacing daily-use vehicles and becoming the most used car in a household. Besides, they also confirm that hybrid vehicles like the Toyota Prius indeed have a positive effect on total CO2 emissions from road transport, and that rebound effects are not yet in sight. Then, they think that financial support for the purchase of hybrid vehicles seems to be a possible and valid environmental policy. Further progress in fuel-efficiency gains using hybrid powertrains is to be expected also. 2) Hybrid function in lowering emission 1. An Overview of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology, Michael O. Omoigui In the article, an overview of hybrid electric vehicle technology, Michael listed down variety of weakness and benefits of the hybrid vehicle to sustainable future. He also explained in details how the hybrid functions to lower emission and fuel economy. The article encapsulates factors that necessitate the development of hybrid electric vehicles, classifications of hybrid electric vehicles based on the arrangement of the internal combustion engine and the electric motor for traction. The types of batteries required and the use of power electronic converters for effective power processing and utilization in hybrid electric vehicle drive is covered. 2. Solutions reducing green house emission from US transportation David L. Greene, OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Andreas Schafer, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY In this book, authors make the comparison between difference types of alternative fuel in term of reducing green house gases (GHG). The findings clearly showed that only hydrogen and electricity is a better alternative fuel to replaced fossil fuel in the next 15 years beyond. Although other alternative fuels could play a transition role, it is questionable whether the associated high investments and limited GHG emission reduction potential would justify large-scale shifts to any of these fuels. 3. Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Volume 1: Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions, report, July 2007 In the report, the EPRI team aims to examine the greenhouse gas emissions and air quality impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The purpose of the program is to evaluate the nationwide environmental impacts of potentially large numbers of PHEVs over a time period of 2010 to 2050. The analysis showed the PHEVs adoption results in significant reduction in the consumption of petroleum fuels. They stated that in the Medium PHEV case, fuel savings were equivalent to 3.7 million barrels per day by 2050. 4. Government legislations on hybrid transportation 5. Malaysia Master Tax Guide 2009, 26th ed,, Veerinderjeet, S. Teoh B.K. 6. Policy instruments for environmental and natural resource management. Thomas Sterner Malaysian tax guide information stated that for application received by the ministry of finance from 30 August 2008 to 31 December 2010, franchise holder of hybrid car are given 100% exemption of import duty and 50% of exemption of excise duty for the new completely build-up (CBU) hybrid car subjected to certain criteria and condition. (Veerinderjeet, S. Teoh B.K., 2009). In condition, country like United State tightening standard of emission rate by Clean Air Act. By the way, in 1990, California Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted a visionary scheme to progressively reduce emission requirement. This government reinforcement had successfully forced manufactures to sell vehicle that fulfill environmental criteria. (Thomas S.) Chapter 3: Methodology This research will conduct by using secondary sources collection, questionnaires and direct interviews to public and suppliers. 3.1 Secondary sources collection The main method of gathering information for this research is by collecting and analyzing secondary sources. Library searching is one of the ways to look for the books, journals, articles, media and press released, and so on. Besides, website (official website of Proton) and online databases (science world, science direct) also will be use to search for updated data. 3.2 Questionnaires Another way to find information for this research will be by surveying on the public viewpoint on the hybrid vehicle in various terms includes the performance, eco-friendly characteristics, cost effectiveness, petrol saving and so on. This will be done by giving questionnaires to the 100 selected people in UM includes students, lecturers, and staff. Then, the answer will be the quantitative data after analyzed and computed into figures and data. 3.3 Interview Interview will be done in 2 alternative ways to gather public opinions on the hybrid vehicle that had introduced. 1 is done to the selected society/public that play role to impact the car ownership decision. By interviewing, the factors that influent drivers to own a car will be found. So, the market demand for the hybrid car and the viewpoint of the public to the hybrid car will also revise. Then, another way of interview will be done with the Proton manufacturer, Proton Holding Sdn Bhd to get 1st hand information on the Proton EMAS car. However, this can only carry out with approval from the Proton behalf and act as a supportive way to the other research methods. By comparing both the viewpoints of the supplier and public may lead to different decision making on choice of car to be own in future. Research Limitation The limitation of the research will be focus mostly on the Malaysian viewpoint about the new concept car, Proton EMAS. A lot of problem will be face along the time doing a research. One of the obstacles for me to do this research is difficulty in finding materials about the hybrid vehicle in Malaysia. Since the concept are still new and strange to Malaysian society. So, not much of the information I got regarding this 1st concept car in Malaysia. The way I do is I try to substrate some news from the press or website. Moreover, the new Proton EMAS now still in stage of prototype and not yet can be found in the market in Malaysia. Society are also no much awareness to this type of car will be launched soon locally. So it is quite problematic to do research on this topic. Besides, the knowledge of how the vehicles hybrid system to function in reducing emission is rare and unknown for the Malaysian. That is why the question should be set according to the society common known without using heavy word or scientific term in questionnaires. Due to the difficulty in transportation problem, the survey will only conduct in University of Malaya. The population includes student, lecturers, and staffs which act as a sample of actual society in Malaysia. However, the result will only show a population size of around 100 people in UM which may be bias toward the actual condition. 1. http://green.autoblog.com/2006/06/15/capturing-the-power-of-hydraulics, Bruno V, 15 June 2006 2. http://www.autoblog.com/2006/06/26/epa-unveils-hydraulic-hybrid-ups-delivery-truck , Alex, L., 26 June 2006 Colour file location Red hybrid technology Purple wikipedia Yellow toyota vs corolla Brown hybrid performance Pink solar hybrid cell

Elderly Abuse: Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect Essays -- Nursing Homes,

I. INTRODUCTION Of nursing home staff interviewed in 2004, nearly 40% admitted to committing at least one psychologically abusive act toward a resident and 10% admitted to physically abusing a resident in the preceding year.[1] Not only are nursing home residents at risk of being abused by their caretakers but they are also at risk of being restrained, which may lead to a form of abuse. With five percent of the elderly population, or one to two million instances of elder abuse occurring yearly there is no doubt that elder abuse deserves serious consideration.[2] Upon growing older there are many decisions to be made. Among one of the most difficult and perhaps most important decisions is where the elder person will live and how long-term care needs will be met when he/she is no longer capable of doing so independently due to the incapacity that accompanies many with old age. Nursing homes seem to be the popular choice for people no matter the race, gender, or socioeconomic status with 1.5 million Americans being admitted to them yearly.[3] Because nursing homes are in such a high demand and are not cheap, $77.9 billion was spent for nursing home care in the United States in 2010 alone, they are under criticism of many professions including the legal profession, which is in the process of establishing elder law as a defense to issues with in the elder community. Nursing homes have a duty to provide many things to the elderly including medical, social, pharmaceutical, and dietary services so that the individual may maintain the highest wel l-being possible.[4] Stated another way 'a nursing facility must care for its residents in such a manner and in such an environment as will promote maintenance or enhancement of the q... ...dling abuse- does the person know this procedure and is the policy well accessible? 9) Talking to other resident or families of residents- are they happy? What do they think of they facility and employees? 10) Ask for a list of activities, including community activities, the residents are able to participate in- are they on grounds or off grounds? Will they accommodate the residents? ability? Though this checklist is not all encompassing it provides simple guidelines a person can easily look to in order to put his/her mind more at ease and feel secure in placing a loved one in a nursing home facility. Because there is no guarantee against elder abuse occurring in nursing homes it is important that the resident, where possible, and the family of the resident remain involved on a daily basis and demand the quality of care the elder person deserves. Elderly Abuse: Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect Essays -- Nursing Homes, I. INTRODUCTION Of nursing home staff interviewed in 2004, nearly 40% admitted to committing at least one psychologically abusive act toward a resident and 10% admitted to physically abusing a resident in the preceding year.[1] Not only are nursing home residents at risk of being abused by their caretakers but they are also at risk of being restrained, which may lead to a form of abuse. With five percent of the elderly population, or one to two million instances of elder abuse occurring yearly there is no doubt that elder abuse deserves serious consideration.[2] Upon growing older there are many decisions to be made. Among one of the most difficult and perhaps most important decisions is where the elder person will live and how long-term care needs will be met when he/she is no longer capable of doing so independently due to the incapacity that accompanies many with old age. Nursing homes seem to be the popular choice for people no matter the race, gender, or socioeconomic status with 1.5 million Americans being admitted to them yearly.[3] Because nursing homes are in such a high demand and are not cheap, $77.9 billion was spent for nursing home care in the United States in 2010 alone, they are under criticism of many professions including the legal profession, which is in the process of establishing elder law as a defense to issues with in the elder community. Nursing homes have a duty to provide many things to the elderly including medical, social, pharmaceutical, and dietary services so that the individual may maintain the highest wel l-being possible.[4] Stated another way 'a nursing facility must care for its residents in such a manner and in such an environment as will promote maintenance or enhancement of the q... ...dling abuse- does the person know this procedure and is the policy well accessible? 9) Talking to other resident or families of residents- are they happy? What do they think of they facility and employees? 10) Ask for a list of activities, including community activities, the residents are able to participate in- are they on grounds or off grounds? Will they accommodate the residents? ability? Though this checklist is not all encompassing it provides simple guidelines a person can easily look to in order to put his/her mind more at ease and feel secure in placing a loved one in a nursing home facility. Because there is no guarantee against elder abuse occurring in nursing homes it is important that the resident, where possible, and the family of the resident remain involved on a daily basis and demand the quality of care the elder person deserves.

Speedo Marketing Stratergy

SPEEDO INDEX Sr. No| Topic| Pg. no| 1. | Marketing Objectives| 1. | 1. 2| Ansoff Matrix| 1. | 1. 3| Unique Selling Proposition| 3. | 1. 4| Point of Difference| 4. | 1. 5| Point of Parity| 4. | | | | 2. | Marketing Program| 5. | 2. 1| Product| 5. | 2. 1. 1| Lines to be introduced| 5. | 2. 1. 4| Quality| 11. | 2. 1. 5| Packaging| 12. | 2. 2| Promotion Strategies:| 14. | 2. 2. 1| Online and Print Media Promotion | 14. | 2. 2. 1 | Outdoor Promotion| 16| 2. 2. 2| Digital Media Marketing| 17. | 2. 2. 3| PR Activities| 18. | 2. 3| Price| 19. 2. 3. 1| Pricing Strategy | 19. | 2. 3. 2| Price Range| 19. | 2. 4| Place| 20. | 2. 4. 1| * Store Setup| * Facilities| Store Display| Store USP| | Location| 20. | 3. | Financial Budgeting| 23. | | | | Marketing Objectives The Ansoff Model: Existing Market – Product Expansion Speedo Ltd. is a manufacturer and distributor of swimwear. Speedo brand can be found on products ranging from swimsuits and goggles to wrist watches and MP3 players is establ ished in the swimwear market as one of the leading brands of the world.Being in this industry since decades now, Speedo has a very high brand value and is consistently rated as one of the top 100 brands in the world every year. In today’s world technology is being updated by every second and hence a company needs to keep itself in tune with the technology and happenings of the world and strategize accordingly. Hence Speedo uses the PRODUCT EXPANSION strategy which means that it has an existing market but has to expand its operations and product range and diversity as time progresses.Indian Market – Market Penetration Speedo may be very popular amongst consumers in India but it is still a new company in the market as a whole keeping in mind the Indian swimwear market. This is the reason why the market penetration is recommended in this market. According to the Ansoff model this strategy is used when a company is well established but enters a new market in which it is st ill young and needs to penetrate in the market in keeping with new marketing strategies and existing market situation. Unique Selling PropositionWhenever one utters the world swimwear, the first brand that comes to mind; is Speedo such is the phenomenal fan following of this brand. Whenever there is a Speedo swimwearon television, men and women the world over, tune in to catch the latest trends in. The plus points of a big swimwear brand like Speedo are proportionate pricing, a mind boggling range of sizes, including extra large sizes for overweight women and cup A sizes for beginners, opulent and mind numbing designs coupled with fantastic fits. The USP of Speedo is the: mix of goodlooking swimwear and practicality, which makes it possible to think of everyday wear as well.Point of Difference: * Fun, Comfortable, Athletic Speedo will be one of the very few swimwear brands in India with that Brand Image. Products sold at Speedo are diverse (from swimwear to body care and accessories ) are Vibrant and well packaged, unlike its competitors. Point of Parity: * There are a few elements that Speedo would wish to borrow from it’s competitors to incorporate into it’s business model: * Attention to comfort * Introduce body shaping Products * Concentrate on store interiors and display. Marketing Program ProductSpeedo India will have a varied range of products on offer; these consist of in addition to the swimear which is there in various sectors in India: * Swimsuits men/Women (Racing,Training,Triathelite,Competitive Equiqment,Fina approved suits, Swim Fitness) * Trunks * Fitness Range/Body care(Health and Well Being, Speedo sculpture,Accessories,Aqua Active, Play and fun) * Accessories * Speedo Digital (Aqua beat MP3 player, Aqua Coach) All Speedo products are benchmarks in terms of design, functionality, sustainability and comfort above all.As Speedo is opening up just its first store in India the product range will be limited to 3 world-renowned collect ions. Lines to be introduced: Right Fit SMOOTHER. SEXIER. BETTER THAN EVER Curves Description: Stretch-to-fit conforms perfectly to your body so all you see is curves; This swimwear fabrics are selected with quality, innovation, technology and creative freedom in mind, to ensure we provide only the best selection for our customers. Our fantastic range of swimwear is for both girls and guys. With a large assortment of fabric colours and prints, you’re sure to find more than one to choose from.Immerse yourself in our wide variety of fashionable designer swimwear, from one-piece bathing suits to bikinis, and coordinating accessories. 2012 is awash in a wide palette of colors, textures and prints in our women’s swimsuits as well as in our men’s swimwear. At Swimwear Boutique, we carry high fashion designers who offer complementing accessories. We also provide bathing suits that are appealing to a wide variety of interests, proportions, and ages. Our collection inclu des one-piece swimwear, bikinis, two-piece swimsuits, and coordinating bathing apparel for women, juniors, and misses.Explore our designer swimwear silhouettes and create your fashion forward wardrobe and embellish your favorite women's swimwear or junior swimwear with a sarong, shirt, pant, and other swimwear accessories. Features: * Weightless * Maximum nipple * Nylon ; Spandex/Lycra * Adjustable straps * Underwired cups if needed * Front closure Sizes available: Xtra small,small,medium,Large,Xlarge – 40 DD Colors available: Featured Products: * Swimwear women * One piece/Two piece 1. GLAMOUR BY SPEEDO THE GLIMMEROUS TOUCH OF GLAMOUR. Description:The glitter with a combination of laced edges and self-embroidery gives you a classy touch adding glamour to your swimwear. The label is aimed at sophisticated women of all ages who demand high-quality and high-fashion in equal measures. The collection hits a fabulous note that is sexy, and also flattering and comfortable. Glamorou s not only features stunning contemporary design, the range also offers subtle support and control which gives our clients the body confidence to enjoy their new swimwear on all occasions – whether basking in the sun poolside, on a yacht, or at a resort bar as the sun sets.The inaugural collection features fashion-forward colours, and a beautiful variety of one-piece maillot swimsuits, and mix ; match bikini separates. Features: * Underwire * Heavy look with a comfortable feel * Sexy shapes Sizes available: Small, Medium, Large. Colors available: pastel shades and solid colors with multi-colored lacing and embroidery Featured products: * Swimwear sets 3. Speedos tie up with designer brands Description: At Speedo we plan to tie up with a designer and provide our clients with exclusive swimwear No matter what your preference, you'll find a swimsuit at Swimwear Boutique. com.Our suits will capture the essence of your femininity and accentuate your best features. e represent the most unique styles and highest quality products available. Molly Brown's is approached by hundreds of designers each year to retail their lines in our store. Our buyers select only a limited number of the world's best, not fifty or a hundred like other swimwear retailers. Most of the designers we carry use only the most luxurious imported fabrics and custom hardware. Specialty swimwear has become main stream in high fashion and designers have enhanced their lines by producing beautiful dresses and resort wear.Molly Brown's has expanded its offerings to feature these specialty lines. We are privileged to have many of our designers produce exclusive pieces which are only available at Molly Brown's. Due to our strict privacy policy, many professionals, celebrities and their representatives are clients of Molly Brown's. A large percentage of the designer swimwear that is photographed on celebrities is sold in our store. Molly Brown's client list includes hollywood's a list, Fortune 500 professionals and fashion forward women that want the seasons' hottest trends. Molly Brown's has been featured on MTV, E! major news networks and in countless fashion publications. we are actively involved in celebrity photo shoots, high profile events and fashion shows. Each year we are asked by the media to comment on the upcoming season's hottest styles and trends. The vibrant atmosphere of the Molly Brown's store and beautiful window displays are a draw for designer interviews and news coverage. Please see our current press, video links and featured in publications. Shopping for swimwear can be difficult. For this reason, Molly Brown's client services and knowledgeable staff are unsurpassed in the industry.Ensuring our clients receive the exact style and fit they desire, both in store and online, is key to our success. Due to our outstanding personal and professional services, most first time buyers become long term clients of Molly Brown's. Features: * Reversible * With gel cur ve * Extreme plunge push-up * Various color ; print combinations * Unique border shapes * Extreme comfort with seam free, label free ; stitch free technology Sizes: Available in all sizes Featured products: Swimwear for men and Women Featured Designers SHIVAN ; NARRESH’These designers werelaunched in Cannes at ‘Mare di Moda’ with their 100% stitch free line called Insectoid. ‘SHIVAN ; NARRESH’ has a unique signature style that is bold, confident ;   sophisticated. Flawless lines, undisputed eye for detail and utter sophistication are words that could be used to define the brand. After the launch in Cannes, the duo shifted their studio to India, and became India’s first mainstream beachwear designers doing 100% handcrafted stitch-free swimwear and ready to wear made all in 100% Italian swimwear fabrics and complementing  resort wear.Currently based out of New Delhi, SHIVAN Bhatiya mastered the art of leather corsetry and accessories for fou r years from National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi, learning the functions and craftsmanship of leather in women’s wear lingerie. While NARRESH Kukreja specialized in women’s wear for four years in Fashion ; Textiles. Subsequent to their graduation, they worked in the fashion Industry for a year before being awarded  scholarships  to complete their Masters in Milan ; Rome at the Istituto Europeo di Design in ‘Fashion ; Textiles’ ; ‘Luxury Marketing’ respectively.SHIVAN ; NARRESH are recipients of several awards in recognition of their design ; creativity. The duo were discovered in 2006 by MITTELMODA, the oldest Italian talent search organization, based in Gorizia, Italy through  Mittelmoda International Beachwear Awards  in Bali. They are  winners of the  World of Wearable Art Awards, Wellington, New Zealand(‘06),  the  SWAROVSKI Most Creative Designer of the Year  (‘07) at the NIFT Graduation;    Debutant Designer of the Year(‘07) at India Fashion Week. 4.Exclusive Customisation Custom Made Swimwear manufactures all of its swimwear Let us take the frustration out of buying a swimsuit and help you find the perfect fit. We offer styles for every shape and size, specializing in large cup sizes, plus sizes, full figure and hard-to-fit swimwear. You can purchase your bathing suit by size, from 0 – 32 and bra size AA to K cup. Also, a customized specialty suit can be hand cut and sewn for your needs. Specializes in giving women of all ages what they want and need in swimwear.We can assist in fitting women who are hard to fit, have health issues, are struggling with weight, mastectomy or the woman who simply wants to create a uniquely custom swimsuit. You choose your style, size and fabric as well as numerous options making it possible for you to get the look you deserve. Each order is reviewed by an experienced consultant to confirm sizing accuracy and to make the ne cessary alterations to get the best possible fit. You will walk away feeling confident and self-assured that you can look great in a swimsuit! Quality Considering the price one pays, Speedo quality is excellent.Speedos Swimwear made of the cotton/spandex/ lycramaterial tends to retain its stretchiness with time; however, the color doesn’t fade quickly. Most of the swimwear have excellent quality that does not dwindle with time in any respect- the material retains its color and texture over time. Accessories and tops made  out of  100% lasting, however the ones with certain percentage of spandex in them last longer. Size Chart Packaging†¦ The following actions have taken place so far within the framework of this plan: They have minimized the thickness of the boxes down to the technical limit that prevents breakage and crushing.They have also minimized the individual packages for garments and accessories in terms of dimensions and density, while retaining their capacit y to avoid breakage and to be processed by the distribution machinery. They have minimized the size of the labels, to just the size that allows them to be read correct. It is worth noting that all internal shipments are made using reused boxes. It is also worth pointing out that all the boxes used are made with 100% recycled material. To facilitate recycling, all these are paper-based, eliminating any metallic elements (staples, etc. Finally, Speedo adheres to the waste and packaging management systems established in the different countries in which they operate. Promotion Online ; Print Promotion: * Speedo plans to strategically use social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, etc. to promote itself, since it aims to capture the attention of the digitally advanced and internet friendly marked. * A special page will be created on Facebook for Speedo India, which will provide regular updates on changes, and additions to inventory, notify customers about upcoming sales and offers.U sers can also place queries regarding their orders, which will be answered and assisted by the customer care executives. * Twitter posts regarding Speedo. com will be regularly updated, Consumers who wish to learn more about the website and what it has to offer can follow these posts for information. * Advertisements will be given in issues of popular fashion magazine like Vogue, Harper’s Bazaar, L’officiel, etc. which are read by the market Victoria’s Secret aims to target. * Advertisements will also be put in the Bombay Times, since; it is a newspaper that is common among all age groups.Advertisements will be carried out for the first 3 months. * Speedo will launch and Indian website and the web domain will also be submitted to popular search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc. In this way users looking for information on Speedo India will be guided to a link to the website. * Popular news articles online and on print from Times, Business India, etc notifying the market about Speedo Brick and Mortar and online store will also promote the website and create awareness. * End of season sales will be notified through Magazines, Newspapers, social networking sites, etc. Sign up Members for Email newsletters and mobile updates outdoor Promotion: * Billboard advertisements to promote the establishment of Speedo new store will be seen for 3 months since it’s operation outside its stores and prime shopping locations. * In-store collaterals will notify customers shopping at the store about Speedo online presence. Billboard advertisements Digital Media Marketing: 1. Speedo for IPad and IPhone Description: It’s the destination for all things Speedo—anywhere, anytime, on-the-go, at your fingertips. Effortlessly flip through and buy from o current catalogues, shop www. peedo. com with just a tap, and find the nearest Speedo stores. One will also find up-to-the-minute coverage of the favorite swimwear from photo shoots to star-studded store openings, fashion show exclusives, TV commercials, special event,etc. * PAD ® IS CATALOGUE IN THE WORLD ?The catalogues come alive on iPad ® letting one simply swipe the screen to flip from page to page. Just tap the image and it will take one directly to that item on the website. Add it to the shopping bag and check out. It's easy, fast and can be done wherever. * ? FIND THE NEAREST VS STOREThe store locator finds a Speedo store near the user and provides directions, store hours and contact information. * SHARE WITH FRIENDS Post VS pictures, videos and stories directly to one’s favorite social networking sites or share via email.? Television & P. R. * A week prior to its launch, Speedo in association with a fitness program will telecast the Victoria’s Secret 2012 during Prime Time. * Victoria’s Secret launch party. * Location – Hype, Mumbai. * Guests– Athletes,Socialites, celebrities, leading models, designers and corporate wives from all over Mumbai. Schedule – The event starts at 21:00 hrs. followed by the introduction speech by CEO Speedo and Store Manager for Speedo Mumbai followed by dinner and drinks. The event duration is 3 hours since it is to take place in a club and be full of events. Guests will leave with gift packs from Speedo * Why the launch party? Any message conveyed by means of recreational activities and entertainment is always heard louder than a mediocre public event. The pompous nature, glamour, exclusivity and Posh appeal of a launch party is automatically well publicized due to the presence of high level guests and celebrities.Price The above table represents the average pricing of the various types of products to be carried under each product line. This was calculated keeping in mind various factors such as: * International pricing strategy * Taxes * Operating expenses * Fixed costs * Appeal of the particular product * Marketing expenses * Target consumer Place Location The new Sp eedois planned to be launched in Palladium Mall, Lower Parel. The mall is ideally located in Central Mumbai. Palladium is apt owing to its host of brands it has and the customer’s it attracts.Store Interiors The interiors of the store will be designed similar to that of Speedostores across the world. Merchandise will be arranged in neat stacks according to size and color. Store Display GANTT Chart A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i. e. precedence network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical â€Å"TODAY† line as shown here. Although now regarded as a common charting technique, Gantt cha rts were considered revolutionary when they were introduced. In recognition of Henry Gantt's contributions, the Henry Laurence Gantt Medal is awarded for distinguished achievement in management and in community service. This chart is used also in Information Technology to represent data that has been collected.In the following report 2 Gantt Charts, Both representing Zara India On line’s planned schedule for Web Development and Promotions is created. Financial Budgeting Introduction It's essential to plan and tightly manage one’s business' financial performance. Creating a budgeting process is the most effective way to keep the business – and its finances – on track. Successful businesses invest time to create and manage budgets, prepare and review business plans and regularly monitor finance and performance. Structured planning makes all the difference to the growth of the business.It also enables one to concentrate his/her resources on improving profits , reducing costs and increasing returns on investment. In fact, even without a formal process, many businesses carry out the majority of the activities associated with business planning, such as considering growth areas, competitors, cash flow and profit. Converting this into a cohesive process to manage the businesses will keep the company dynamic communicated to it’s clients and workers more effectively. The main aim of the business plan is to set out the strategy and action plan for the business.This also includes a clear financial picture of where the company stands – and expects to stand – over the coming years. In the previous report Analysis had been conducted with respect to Market environment, Consumer profile, etc. On the basis of the results of the analysis and Web Development strategy was proposed. The following report consists of a detailed Financial Plan complete with figures and estimates required to implement the earlier proposed web development plan. Start Up Expenses Income ; Expense Statements

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People Essay

Equality Act 2010 in Schools The Equality Act 2010 is the law which bans unfair treatment and helps achieve equal opportunities in the workplace and in wider society. The Act brings together and replaces the previous anti-discrimination laws, such as the Disability Discrimination, Race Relations and Equal Pay Acts with a single Act. The majority of the Act came into place on 1st October 2010. What the act requires of schools in particular – Part 6 of the act states that the responsible school must not discriminate against a pupil – a)In a way it provides education to the pupil b)In the way it affords the pupil access to a benefit, facility or service c)By not providing education for the pupil d)By not affording the pupil access to a benefit, facility or service e)By excluding the pupil from school f)By subjecting the pupil to any other detriment In addition to the provisions against discrimination, the Act also protects pupils from harassment or victimisation by a school. A schools duty to its pupils goes beyond just the formal education; it provides and covers all school activities such as extra-curricular and leisure activities, after school and homework clubs, sports activities and school trips, as well as school facilities such as libraries and IT facilities. As stated above a school has a duty to make reasonable adjustments for disabled people. Extending the reasonable adjustment duty to require schools  to provide auxiliary aids and services to disabled pupils following the recent consultation on implementation and approach, this duty was introduced in September 2012. Who the Act protects- Anyone who has one or more of the following ‘protected characteristics’ – Age, Disability, Gender Reassignment, Marriage and Civil Partnership, Pregnancy and Maternity, Race (including ethnic or national origin, colour or nationality) religion or belief (including lack of belief, sex and sexual orientation). Protected Characteristics in Schools – The Act extends protection against discrimination related to gender reassignment and pregnancy and maternity to pupils in school. However, the Act makes an exception that discrimination on the grounds of age and marriage and civil partnership are not protected in schools. This is because children must be put into age ranging year groups in school and every child and young person is seen and treated as an individual therefor are not entitled to be treated as a married ‘couple’. Every Child Matters – How does this framework support equality, diversity and inclusion? Inclusion – Schools are structured so that all students can learn together. Inclusion is about ensuring that children and young people, whatever their background or situation, are able to participate fully in all aspects of the school. Inclusive practises will ensure that everyone feels valued and has a sense of belonging. Equality – The state of being equal, in rights and opportunities. Equal opportunity does not mean treating pupils the same, but ensuring the curriculum meets the individual needs of all pupils. This involves understanding the barrier which exists. Intervention strategies, such as  additional support, can then be put into place at an early stage before children fall too far behind. High expectations of all children are fundamental to raising achievement Diversity – The state of being diverse variety. Diversity means understanding that each individual is unique and recognising our individual differences. Be Healthy – By schools offering free and/or low cost healthy snacks for children e.g. fruit and vegetables, their ‘tuc shop’ only offering healthy foods and drinks, by serving healthy and well balanced school meals at lunch time and by offering alternatives for children who have allergies or specialist diets, they are supporting inclusion within the school and also giving children from lower income families the opportunity to still have a healthy well balanced diet. Enjoy and Achieve – Allowing certain lessons to be mixed ability gives all children a chance to work together no matter what their ability or level , therefore supporting both inclusion and diversity. For lessons/subjects where children work in set ability groups the class as a whole will still be learning the same things (however worksheets/aims may be discreetly altered for certain children). This means that no child is isolated or excluded and by the ability groups having individual names (e.g. colours) rather than being referred to as ‘lower level group’ and ‘higher level group’, it means children will not feel they are being ‘labelled’. Making a Positive Contribution – By giving every child the opportunity to have their work displayed, take part in school plays, choirs, and assemblies, it is supporting equality and inclusion. Another way of supporting this is by giving all children the chance to answer questions. For example by pulling names out of a hat or using lolly sticks with names on to choose who answers questions so that the children who may not feel confident enough to put their hand’s up or those  who may be shy, will get as much of a chance as those who volunteer to answer every question. Outcome 1.2 Describe the importance of supporting the rights of all children and young people UN Rights of Children There are 52 articles in the UN Rights of Children. Below are examples of 5 of these rights and how they can be supported by schools – Article 2 – Non discrimination One of the ways schools can support this article is by ensuring all school trips and activities are priced as low or where possible are available for free so that all children, including those from low income families can take part. Article 12 – Respect the views of a child Schools can support this by taking into account children’s opinions on decisions that affect them. An example of this is by allowing young people (with guidance from teachers and parents) to choose which subjects they will study at GCSE level. Article 16 – Right to privacy Schools support this by ensuring all children’s personal information is kept confidential and only shared on a need to know basis. Article 28 – Right to education (Discipline in schools should respect children’s dignity) Schools can support this by having a structured disciplinary procedure running throughout the school. For example, a 3 strikes or yellow and red card system, resulting in time out, detention and/or parents being contacted. This way all children are treated the same and given a second chance to improve their behaviour. Article 39 – Rehabilitation of child victims Schools support this by offering a school councillor, by teachers and support staff being approachable and by having a designated member of staff in school to help deal with any personal situations, for example a Parent Support Worker. D.A.P – Disability Access Plan Disability Access Plan is an important document for schools and by law every school must have one. In order to reduce and eliminate barriers to access for pupils (and prospective pupils) with a disability, schools must implement a disability access plan. The plan contributes to the review and revision of related school policies such as schools strategic plan (improvement and development plans), SEN policy, equal opportunities policy and curriculum policies. Why is it important that schools promote children’s rights? †¢To stop exploitation of children †¢To protect children from harm and danger †¢To help children feel secure and comfortable to talk and have an opinion †¢To prepare them for adult life †¢To make children more assertive †¢Safeguarding – helps to identify people who are taking advantage †¢To help children feel more happy and content therefore are more likely to achieve †¢To help children understand that other people have rights too †¢To give children security †¢To help ensure all children are treated equally Outcome 1.3 The importance of supporting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access It is important to support the rights of all children and young people to  participation and equality of access, as there is no reason in law or practise to leave anyone out. Inclusion is not optional as all children have defined entitlements to education and schools have legal responsibilities to support this. It is important that pupils of all abilities have access to all activities in school. By doing this you are helping to prevent any children from feeling isolated and will also be assisting in creating a happy and positive environment and atmosphere. Outcome 1.4 The importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people It is important to value and promote cultural diversity when working with children and young people for many reasons; it helps prevent discrimination, prejudice and ignorance, teaching them that some cultures and people are different and that it is okay to celebrate these differences. As most schools are multicultural, by valuing and promoting cultural diversity, it will mean that no child will feel excluded or unwelcome. Ways of doing this would be by celebrating and acknowledging other cultures and events such as Christmas, Chinese New Year, Lent, Black History Month, Diwali, Thanksgiving, etc. This could be done by holding an assembly about the event, including it in the curriculum or by teaching a topic around it. It is also important children learn about prominent people in history from a variety of cultures and backgrounds and how they have helped to make a difference and shape the world. Outcome 2.1 & 2.2 The ways in which children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination and the impact it can have Prejudice: Forming an opinion of an individual or a group which is not based on knowledge or fact. Discrimination: Treating an individual or group less favourably because of personal characteristics such as race, religion or special educational needs. Children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination in many ways. Below are examples of some ways children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination and the impact it may have on them – †¢A child is unable to access the computer within the classroom, as his wheelchair won’t fit Impact this may have on them – The child may leave school with ICT skills that are less developed than those of his peers. †¢An unidentified dyslexic child being unable to read on white paper with black print Impact this may have on them – The child could academically struggle, it may lead to behavioural problems and self-esteem issues. †¢A child in care Impact this may have on them – They may become a victim of bullying because of their home life being ‘different’. May struggle academically and could fall behind on work due to inconsistency. †¢A child or young person living in financial hardship Impact this may have on them – The child/young person may struggle to have a social life due to their responsibilities at home. They may struggle to concentrate at school if they are worried about their home life. †¢A child carer (parents with addictions or disabilities) Impact this may have on them – The child may feel isolated and different to others. They may miss out on school trips or activities and their social life may also dramatically suffer. †¢A young person with poor hygiene or poor hygiene practises Impact this may have on them – This may be a sign that the young person is suffering from depression. They may become a victim of bullying. Outcome 2.3 Assess how own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with children and young people Children and young people learn through copying adult behaviour, so it is important that you are a good role model within the education setting. Below are examples of four scenarios of when the Teaching Assistant’s attitudes, values and behaviour can have an impact on children and young people and what a young person may do or feel if they see a TA behaving in this way- Teaching Assistant giving praise to children for tidying up – By the Teaching Assistant acknowledging and praising this positive behaviour the children will be encourage to behave in this way again. Teaching Assistant standing with hands in pockets, looking uninterested while a child excitedly explains to them how they have just scored a goal from a free kick – By using closed body language and by not showing any interest or enthusiasm in the child, they may feel as though what they are saying is not important. They are telling the Teaching Assistant about their achievement as they are proud and looking for praise, but by not getting this they may not try as hard to achieve next time or may feel as though they cannot approach the Teaching Assistant in the future. A young person thanking a Teaching Assistant for their advice – This shows that the young person is clearly comfortable talking to the Teaching Assistant therefore must have trust and a good relationship with them. This is very important as it creates a happy atmosphere and means that the young person has someone they are able to go to with their problems. During a lesson 2 Teaching Assistants are sitting at the back of the classroom chatting whilst the teacher has positioned himself at one side of the classroom leaving one child working on their own– By the Teaching Assistants sitting at the back of the classroom chatting this is not only promoting bad behaviour but also showing a lack of interest to the children therefore making them very unapproachable. With the Teacher positioned on one side of the class leaving one child sitting on their own it will make that child feel isolated and not included with the rest of class. If they are not able to interact with the rest of the class, the child may easily lose interest in the lesson and may feel as though they are unable to ask questions even if they are struggling to understand the work or tasks being set. Outcome 2.4 & 2.5 The importance of promoting anti-discriminatory practice in work with children and young people and how to challenge discrimination Within the education setting, you must take positive action to challenge discrimination. Why is it important to promote anti-discriminatory practise? †¢To ensure that we are encouraging children to become good citizens †¢To encourage children to make a positive contribution in school and their community †¢To enable children and adults to become positive role models †¢It enables us to provide children with equal opportunities to access the curriculum †¢To create a safe learning environment and community †¢It ensures that barriers to participate are removed †¢To promote equality and diversity †¢To ensure children and young people have confidence and have a high level of self esteem †¢It stops children from feeling isolated †¢Teaches children to accept differences and respect others Scenario: While providing playground supervision one lunchtime, you hear James make a racist comment towards Myra. Myra seems upset by James’s comments and walks  off to the other side of the playground. What can you do to help in this situation? Bring the two children together, let James know immediately that this type of behaviour is completely unacceptable and will not be tolerated and that relevant punishment will be issued. Reassure Myra that she has done nothing wrong and give her the chance to tell James how the comment made her feel, then ask James to apologise. How can you challenge the discrimination? Ask James how he would feel if he was picked on, he also needs to be made aware that there are consequences to his actions. Refer him to a senior member of staff and explain to them exactly what has happened and the actions you have already taken. Ensure the incident is logged and monitored. How does your workplace promote anti-discriminatory practise? †¢Posters around the school and staffroom †¢Regular staff training on how to deal with discrimination †¢Bring it into the curriculum †¢Newsletters sent to parents about school policies and procedures on discrimination and other zero tolerance issues (this information is also available on the school website) †¢Assemblies highlighting issues †¢All incidents logged and monitored Outcome 3.1, 3.2 & 3.3 What is meant by inclusion and inclusive practices and what are the features of an inclusive setting for children and young people Inclusion in education is ensuring all children have equal access to the curriculum by removing barriers to participation. Inclusion is not optional: children have defined entitlements in this area and settings have legal  responsibilities. There is a legal framework to which all schools must comply. This framework consists of the following 2 duties – No school must discriminate anyone who requires access to the building (staff, parents, carers, children, etc.), all schools must make reasonable adjustments and provide a Disability Access Plan. Barriers to Participation A barrier to participation is something that can stop the child from being included in a lesson or activity, this could be physical, social or emotional or language related. How can you support inclusion and inclusive practice while working with children and young people? You can support inclusion and inclusive practice in many ways; first of all it is important to have a ‘can do’ attitude. If a school has a positive and encouraging attitude then this will also reflect on how the children will behave and feel towards inclusion. If you are working with a child with special needs or a disability do some research so that you are aware of what the barriers may be as you may need to adapt lesson plans, talk to their senco worker, parents, etc. It is also important to talk to the child/young person so that you know what their abilities are and what they feel comfortable with. Observe other schools, find out how they deal with barriers and inclusion. Below are some examples of barriers that may affect children and young people’s participation, and the ways in which you can overcome these barriers – Barrier – Child can’t access table as their wheelchair will not fit under Way to overcome barrier – Installing rise and fall desks. Barrier – Child with hearing difficulties Way to overcome barrier – by sitting child near front of the class so that they have more chance of being able to hear and so that they can see the teacher’s mouth clearly so they can lip read. Barrier – Child/young person in a wheel chair cannot open doors Way to overcome barrier – by installing doors with motion sensors. Barrier – Child with autism does not have a structured behaviour management plan Way to overcome barrier – by putting together a structured behavioural plan after discussions with both child and parents. Barrier – Playing field used for PE is wet due to rain meaning a child in a wheelchair will be unable to access it Way to overcome barrier – by moving lesson to another suitable location e.g. playground.

5 Alternatives to Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives

5 Alternatives to Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives 5 Alternatives to Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives 5 Alternatives to Hyphenating Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol The default method for communicating to the reader that a phrase preceding a noun is a single entity modifying that noun is to hyphenate the word string together: â€Å"They agreed that a plug-and-play functionality was most desirable.† Depending on the exact wording, the relationship of words preceding a noun to that noun is more or less transparent, but in this sentence, for example, omission of hyphens (â€Å"They agreed that a plug and play functionality was most desirable†) might lead a reader to comprehend that the sentence means â€Å"They agreed that a plug was desirable, and play functionality was desirable, too.† (But why, then, the reader asks, is there a singular verb? Confusion ensues.) Regardless of the variable clarity from one sentence to another, the hyphenated phrasal adjective is the default setting. Hyphenation, however, is only one of several strategies for linking an extended phrasal adjective; several special cases exist. Here are some other approaches depending on those variables: 1. Quotations The key phrase in â€Å"Her ‘Do you think I’m stupid?’ glare stopped him in his tracks,† for example, could be expressed as a hyphenated string of words (â€Å"Her do-you-think-I’m-stupid? glare stopped him in his tracks†), but this strategy fails to exploit the narrative power of prompting the reader to imagine the woman voicing her indignant comment. On a more mechanical note, because the question mark applies to the entire phrase, not just to stupid, the question mark tacked on to the last word of the hyphenated string is awkward. But don’t hyphenate between stupid and the question mark, either; omit hyphens and use quotation marks to link the phrase. Use your judgment with this approach, though: The simple phrasal adjective in â€Å"She shot him a come-hither look,† for instance, should not be enhanced by quotation marks, because a person is unlikely to actually use those words. 2. Composition Titles An italicized composition title used to modify a noun needs no other treatment to indicate that it is all of a piece: â€Å"I bought the How the Grinch Stole Christmas gift pack.† (If the phrasal adjective refers to a component of a composition, such as an episode or a chapter, which requires quotation marks, these marks similarly serve to group the elements of the component title: â€Å"The ‘Ocean Deep’ episode of Planet Earth is my favorite part.†) If, however, the title is further modified, as in â€Å"The Wuthering Heights-like plot is too transparently derivative,† the additional element should be attached to the title with an en dash or with a simple hyphen, if the site (like this one) or the print publication employs hyphens for this usage instead. 3. Signage Enclose signage wording or text on similar displays in quotation marks, using title case, when employing it as a phrasal adjective: â€Å"The protestor caught breaking a window at the Nike store was wearing a ‘Just Do It’ T-shirt.† 4. Foreign Phrases When using a foreign phrase not adopted into English (and therefore not appearing in the dictionary) as a phrasal adjective, just as with italicized composition titles, no further treatment is necessary: â€Å"Their grand monde pretensions amused him.† If the phrase has been naturalized, it still needs no hyphenation or other treatment, because it’s a standing phrase: â€Å"She knew the mea culpa moment was coming.† 5. Proper Names Proper names used as adjectives require no hyphenation or quotation marks; capitalization in common signals their unity: â€Å"The Occupy Wall Street protest has gone nationwide.† But if an additional modifying word is associated with such a construction, connect it to the proper name: â€Å"Analysis of other Occupy Wall Street-type movements is instructive.† (See section 2 above about hyphenating such constructions.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsWhenever vs. When EverJanuary 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Informative Essay Sample on International Criminal Court(ICC)

Informative Essay Sample on International Criminal Court(ICC) According to William A. (Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 2004), the International Criminal Court (ICC) is an independent, permanent court that tries people accused of committing serious crimes against humanity. It tries people who are accused of committing genocide or involved in war crimes. It is a court that exists not to override the responsibilities and duties of the national judicial systems but rather it acts as a last alternative to try people accused of committing serious and heinous crimes. It can also be used in hearing cases and passing enforceable judgments should it be noted that trials involving serious crimes in the member states are being handled in a lacklustre manner and fairness is not being exercised. The I.C.C was established in July 1998 in Rome by a treaty signed and ratified by 104 countries. They treaty is not universally binding but rather only those states which formally express their consent are bound by its provisions (International Criminal Court, n.d). Since its inception it has opened investigations in a number of countries in Africa: Uganda, Central African Republic, Darfur and also in Congo. Although its trials may be carried out in different countries its official headquarters are in Hague, Netherlands. It can only however, arbitrate or try crimes committed after the date its statute was incepted. The member states are committed to refraining from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of the ICC treaty (William A. 2004). The ICC does not enjoy universal jurisdiction as was the original wish. A number of countries did not want to see this happen and they heavily objected. They include China, Qatar, Libya, Israel, Iraq, Yemen and the United States. It only exercises jurisdiction where the below circumstances have occurred (Ascensio H. 2002): If the perpetrator of the crime belongs to a country which is a state party or that has accepted the ICC’s jurisdiction. If the acts were committed in a territory of a country that accepts jurisdiction. If the particular case has been referred to the ICC by the UN security counsel. The United States is against the jurisdictional powers of the ICC evidenced by its refusal to ratify the statute in 2002. The US initially under Clinton administration had participated proactively in supporting the early plans of ICC but it voted against it in Rome 1998. The reason behind this is in article 12 of the statute that confers the ICC with absolute jurisdiction when either that state on whose territory a crime was committed is a part to the treaty, or when accused person’s state of nationality is a party (international animal’s court, n.d). This statute is a threat to the United States. It is a threat to both the president of US and its military forces as it will limit their ability to engage in wars in the name of protecting global (US) interest. This is the key factor behind the bone of contention. The US will not support the ICC as long as it does not accord special treatment to its military. It fails to exclude US military from falling within the ICCs prosecution jurisdiction. There are claims also that the US fails to support the ICC due to its ambiguity and vagueness in its wording and structure and if the US was to ratify it, its inherent flaws would lead to the US changing its constitution to accommodate the ICC provisions.It wants immunity against all international laws and restrictions that would restrain its conduct in international affairs, or any provision that would allow any actions by US official to be put into question. Although there are still some amendments that should be carried out as it awaits definition of some of its laws, the response to the ICC is overwhelming and USA is more or less alone in its stand to oppose its jurisdiction. This is quite surprising regarding the Americans vocalness in defending human rights and condemning violators. Observers say that US is doing this out of fear of losing its international supremacy as every deed committed in seeking to further the US interest will not go unpunished if it ratifies the ICC statute. America is the leading superpower in the world and its support would have important in not in legitimising the courts powers but also in providing the necessary legal and financial backing needed to carry out its operations effectively.Its decision to remove itself from the treaty is a big impendiment to the achievements of ICC goals.Efforts should be made to put into consideration the American’s proposals but caution should be excised not to compromise on the key visions of the court. The customary law is the key source of the ICC laws. It emanates from general practices followed by various states in enforcing their legal obligations. These laws are codified in the Vienna convention on the law of treaties. Its laws are also sourced from general international agreements that outline how the member states conduct and obligations toward each other. If you need a custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation on Law or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

A Study On Classroom Management Education Essay

Classroom direction accomplishments are an built-in portion of instructional rating of both the pupils and the instructors themselves. Actually, classroom direction schemes are a more toothsome name for schoolroom subject. This paper will discourse the indispensable constituents to do schoolroom direction effectual. Part I. BODY LANGUAGE Body linguistic communication is an of import portion of communicating, which can represent 50 % or more of what we are pass oning. If one wishes to pass on good, so it makes sense to understand how they can ( and can non ) use their organic structure to state what they mean. It comes in bunchs of signals and positions, depending on the internal emotions and mental provinces. Acknowledging a whole bunch is therefore far more dependable than seeking to construe single elements. Body linguistic communication is a term for communicating utilizing organic structure motions or gestures alternatively of, or in add-on to, sounds, verbal linguistic communication or other communicating. It forms portion of the class of paralinguistic communication, which describes all signifiers of human communicating that are non verbal linguistic communication. This includes the most elusive of motions that many people are non cognizant of, including blink and little motion of the superciliums. In add-on, organic structure linguistic communication can besides integrate the usage of facial looks. Although they are by and large non cognizant of it, many people send and receive non-verbal signals all the clip. These signals may bespeak what they are genuinely experiencing. The technique of reading people is used often. For illustration, the thought of mirroring organic structure linguistic communication to set people at easiness is normally used in interviews. It sets the individual being interviewed at easiness. Mirroring the organic structure linguistic communication of person else indicates that they are understood. Body linguistic communication signals may hold a end other than communicating. Both people would maintain this in head. Perceivers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to bespeak the biological beginning of their actions. One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a individual crosses his or her weaponries across the thorax. This can bespeak that a individual is seting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can besides bespeak that the individual ‘s weaponries are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the weaponries or huddling. When the overall state of affairs is amicable, it can intend that a individual is believing profoundly about what is being discussed. However, in a serious or confrontational state of affairs, it can intend that a individual is showing resistance. This is particularly so if the individual is tilting off from the talker. A harsh or clean facial look frequently indicates straight-out ill will. Such a individual is non an ally, and may be sing combative tactics. Consistent oculus contact can bespeak that a individual is believing positively of what the talker is stating. It can besides intend that the other individual does non swear the talker plenty to â€Å" take his or her eyes off † the talker. Lack of oculus contact can bespeak negativeness. On the other manus, persons with anxiousness upsets are frequently unable to do oculus contact without uncomfortableness. Eye contact is frequently a secondary and deceptive gesture because we are taught from an early age to do oculus contact when speech production. If a individual is looking at you but is doing the arms-across-chest signal, the oculus contact could be declarative that something is trouble oneselfing the individual, and that he or she wants to speak about it. Alternatively, if while doing direct oculus contact a individual is shirking with something, even while straight looking at you, it could bespeak the attending is elsewhere. Incredulity is frequently indicated by averted regard, or by touching the ear or rubing the mentum. So is eyestrain, or itching. When a individual is non being convinced by what person is stating, the attending constantly wanders, and the eyes will gaze away for an drawn-out period. Boredom is indicated by the caput leaning to one side, or by the eyes looking directly at the talker but going somewhat unfocused. A caput joust may besides bespeak a sore cervix, and unfocussed eyes may bespeak optic jobs in the hearer. Interest can be indicated through position or extended oculus contact. Deceit or the act of keep backing information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. It should be noted that some people, with certain disablements, or those on the autistic spectrum, usage and understand organic structure linguistic communication otherwise, or non at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial looks, or deficiency thereof, in the context of normal organic structure linguistic communication normally leads to misinterpretations and misunderstandings, particularly if body linguistic communication is given precedence over spoken linguistic communication. It should besides be stated that people from different civilizations could construe organic structure linguistic communication in different ways. Part II. DISCUSS LEGAL ISSUES IN REGARDS TO SCHOOL DISCIPLINE School subject today would be a tougher job than of all time, even without all these alterations, because of the countrywide addition of troubled households and disorderly childs. Some schools, particularly those in interior metropoliss, have pupils who are literally violent criminals. School subject has two chief ends: ( 1 ) guarantee the safety of staff and pupils, and ( 2 ) create an environment conducive to larning. Serious pupil misconduct affecting violent or condemnable behaviour lickings these ends and frequently makes headlines in the procedure. However, the commonest subject jobs involve noncriminal pupil behaviour. These less dramatic jobs may non endanger personal safety, but they still negatively affect the acquisition environment. Disruptions interrupt lessons for all pupils, and riotous pupils lose even more learning clip. Research workers calculate that in many schools, pupils lost 7,932 instructional yearss ( 44 old ages ) in-school and out-of-school suspensions in a individual academic twelvemonth. The being of subject jobs in school may lend to an environment that facilitates school force and offense. On a day-to-day or hebdomadal happening, jobs such as pupil racial tensenesss, intimidation, sexual torment of other pupils, verbal maltreatment of instructors, widespread schoolroom upset, and Acts of the Apostless of discourtesy for instructors in public schools. The happening of unwanted pack and cult activities, and due to the terrible nature of these incidents, nowadayss all studies of pack and cult activities during the school twelvemonth. Secondary school principals across the United States revealed that most decision makers felt more strict due procedure processs should follow in subject instances than those required by federal ordinances and school policies. The principals besides tended to believe that bodily penalty should be permitted under certain fortunes and that both unequal instructor preparation refering subject and a deficiency of equal alternate plans for pupils were the major factors restricting schools ‘ abilities to keep order. However, today principals lack the tools they used to hold for covering even with the boisterous childs. Once, they could throw out such childs for good or direct them to particular schools for the hard-to-discipline. The particular schools have mostly vanished, and province instruction Torahs normally do non let for lasting ejection. So at best, a school might pull off to reassign a pupil criminal elsewhere in the same territory. Educators today besides find their custodies tied when covering with another disruptive and much larger group of pupils, those covered by the 1975 Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) . This jurisprudence, which mandates that schools provide a â€Å" free and appropriate instruction † for kids irrespective of disablement and supply it, furthermore, within regular schoolrooms whenever humanly possible efficaciously strips pedagogues of the authorization to reassign or to suspend for long periods any pupil classified as necessitating particular instruction. This would non count if particular instruction included chiefly the wheelchair-bound or deaf pupils whom we normally think of every bit handicapped. However, it does non. Over the past several decennaries, the figure of kids classified under the mistily defined disablement classs of â€Å" learning disablement † and â€Å" emotional perturbation † has exploded. Many of these childs are those one time merely called â€Å" unwieldy † or â€Å" antisocial † : portion of the legal definition of emotional perturbation is â€Å" an inability to construct or keep satisfactory interpersonal relationships with equals and instructors, â€Å" in other words, to be portion of an orderly community. Prosecutors indicates that disproportional Numberss of the juvenile felons they now see are particular instruction pupils. With IDEA limitations haltering them, school functionaries can non react forcefully when these childs get into battles, expletive instructors, or even put pupils and staff at serious hazard, as excessively frequently happens. One illustration captures the jurisprudence ‘s absurdness. School functionaries in Connecticut caught one pupil go throughing a gun to another on school premises. One, a regular pupil, received a yearlong suspension, as federal jurisprudence requires. The other, handicapped ( he stuttered ) , received merely a 45-day suspension and particular, individualised services, as IDEA requires. Most times, though, schools can non acquire even a 45-day reprieve from the pandemonium these childs can unleash. It is of import to maintain the ultimate end in head while working to better school subject. As instruction research worker ‘s points out, â€Å" the end of good behaviour is necessary, but non sufficient to guarantee academic growing. † Effective school subject schemes seek to promote responsible behaviour and to supply all pupils with a hearty school experience every bit good as to deter misconduct. Part III. CONVENANT AND CONDUCT MANAGEMENT Conduct direction is centered on one ‘s beliefs about the nature of people. By incorporating cognition about human diverseness ( and individualism, at the same clip ) into a peculiar instructional doctrine, instructors could pull off their schoolrooms in a better, more effectual manner. Research workers have pointed out the importance of helping pupils in positive behaviours. In be aftering schoolroom direction, instructors should see utilizing an self-asserting communicating manner and behaviour. In add-on, they should ever cognize what they want their pupils to make and affect them in the several acquisition activities, under the general conditions of clearly and explicitly stated school broad and schoolroom regulations. Harmonizing to Iverson and Froyen, behavior direction is indispensable to the creative activity of a foundation for â€Å" an orderly, task-oriented attack to learning and larning † , therefore taking to allowing pupil ‘s greater independency and liberty through socialisation. An effectual behavior direction program should besides mention to teacher control and disposal of effects. The undermentioned constituents of such a program are focused on in this sum-up: acknowledging responsible behaviours, rectifying irresponsible and inappropriate behaviour, disregarding, propinquity control, soft verbal rebukes, detaining, discriminatory seating, clip owed, time-out, presentment of parents/guardians, written behavioural contract, puting bounds outside the schoolroom, and reinforcement systems. All of these constituents are presented so they can be identified in illustrations of best instruction patterns. Covenant direction stresses the schoolroom group as a societal system. Teacher and pupil functions and outlooks shape the schoolroom into an environment conducive to larning. In other words, the civilization of any given school is alone to that school. However, it is straight influenced by the civilization of the larger community whose educational ends are to be met. A strong connexion between school and community must be invariably revised and modified harmonizing to the demands of social dynamism. As schools become really diverse, instructors and pupils should go cognizant of how to utilize diverseness to beef up the school/classroom societal group. Quality schools are defined by instructor effectivity and pupil accomplishment under the protections of edifice strong interpersonal accomplishments. In this visible radiation, instructor and pupil relationships are indispensable to guaranting a positive school and schoolroom atmosphere. Classroom direction subject jobs can be dealt with either on an single footing ( between instructor and pupil ) or by group job work outing ( category meetings ) . As common trust builds up between instructor and pupils, the latter are bit by bit released from teacher supervising by going separately responsible. This is how both â€Å" pedagogues and pupils become co-participants in the teaching-learning procedure, endeavoring to do the most of themselves and their corporate experience. † Part IV. CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT Plan Classroom direction and schoolroom organisation are intertwined. High school pupils possess sophisticated societal accomplishments and by and large experience that instructors need to gain their regard before they are to the full willing to collaborate. In order to acquire loath pupils on their side, instructors need to show a clear schoolroom direction program that creates a positive acquisition environment and exhibits consistence, lucidity, equity, foresight, and the sharing of a schoolroom direction program. Consistency is instructors tell pupils what to anticipate and so present. This applies to all facets of the high school schoolroom runing from placing trial yearss to presenting direction. Get downing every English category, for illustration, by presenting a inquiry for treatment or written response, helps set up a everyday that pupils can anticipate. Clarity is being clearly explicated their acquisition aims for the class every bit good their outlooks for pupil behaviour. Discuss these subjects with pupils during the first hebdomad of category and supply specific illustrations of what pupils are expected to carry through and how they are expected to act. Practicing schoolroom regulations is non entirely reserved for simple school. By exemplifying through role-play with pupils what is considered appropriate and inappropriate behaviour, instructors leave no room for pupil reading on these of import points. Fairness relates to handling pupils every bit, administrating both congratulations and effects based on behaviour non on the pupil. It besides applies to demoing regard for your pupils by puting realistic outlooks and offering counsel and support to assist pupils achieve those ends. A foresight map out categories in progress with pupils. Spend the first few yearss of category discoursing an overview of what you hope to carry through every bit far as content, accomplishment development, and pupil behaviour and category format. If a pupil does non stay by category outlooks, they know in progress what repercussions they will confront. The sharing of schoolroom direction program is to incarnate these features and high school instructors need to get the hang schoolroom organisation. By showing a elaborate schoolroom direction program in authorship, instructors set the tone for an organized high school schoolroom. A schoolroom direction program includes class aims, category outlooks, assignment calendar, and pupil information. Course Objectives identifies the general subjects your class will cover every bit good as accomplishments your pupils will develop over the class of a semester or school twelvemonth. Class Expectations, or category regulations, include coming to category prepared, turning in assignments on clip and behaving in a manner that Fosters student larning. Be specific in outlooks and be clear about the reverberations pupils will confront if they do non adhere to these regulations. Assignment Calendars should place subjects covered for one one-fourth. Important yearss such as debuts to new units, trials , assignment due day of the months and exam reappraisals should be clearly marked. School vacations and instructor working daies should be outlined every bit good. Student Information should be completed by pupils during the first hebdomad of school. In the event that you want to update parents on a major achievement or severe trouble their kid has encountered in your category, you will hold the necessary contact information available to hasten parent communicating. Part V. RESEARCH ARTICLE In a article written by Sherry H. Brown, School Discipline: What Works and What Does n’t, it does n’t take a batch of research to state us that school subject is different today than it was in the 1950s. This article discussed assorted surveies that showed pupils who misbehave in school express a assortment of grounds for making so: Some think that instructors do non care about them. Others do non desire to be in school at all. They do non see success in school of import anymore. Students are incognizant that bad behaviour will ensue in penalty they will non wish. Discipline hatchet mans have to travel through long processs of due procedure: hearings, specific charges, informants, and entreaties. I read this article to my category, despite these hurdlings ; pupils of Inkster High School agreed that subject is needed in schools. One pupil stated, â€Å" If there were no subject, the school would non be distinguished from the street. † This article pointed out countries that cause disciplinary jobs in school. †¢ Denial: In many schools, their pupils intimidate instructors. Out of fright of revenge, they fail to describe jobs or disregard them trusting that the pupils responsible will discontinue the bad behaviour by themselves. †¢ Troubled Students: State and Federal Torahs require that some particular needs pupils receive particular attending. Many grownups and school systems believe that â€Å" troubled pupils † are non responsible for their actions, therefore they are non punished every bit badly as other pupils are. †¢ Legal Procedures: Because of the raised consciousness of the civil rights of kids, the jurisprudence requires grownups to travel through expensive, time-consuming and confusing processs in respects to school subject. These legal processs do protect the rights of kids, but make it really hard to halt school subject jobs. †¢ Modeling: Many grownups fail to pattern the behaviours they want from pupils. Modeling the regulations that pupils are to follow should be required of all grownups. All grownups in a community, particularly parents and instructors, need to pattern unity, honestness, regard and self-denial. †¢ Enforcement ; Because of internal administrative jobs or deficiency of processs, many school functionaries fail to implement the regulations or punish pupils for misdemeanors. Some fear cases from parents ; others merely do non care, or they are â€Å" burned out. † †¢ Time-out and Detention: In-school suspensions, time-out and detainment have been antique solutions for troubled pupils. Yet today, many pupils do non mind detainment, preferring it to traveling place to an empty or opprobrious family. Many consider time-out a quiet topographic point to work. Detention lets them socialise after school. In add-on, both time-out and detainment get them attending from caring grownups. †¢ Fuzzy Rules: Surveies have shown that many regulations are non purely enforced. Many school and schoolroom regulations do non do sense to pupils. Some subject codifications are â€Å" fuzzed † and non clear on outlooks and penalties. Some riotous pupils are labeled with codifications like ADHD ( Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ) or Emotional Damage. This leads some school staff assume that they can non implement positive behaviour and alternatively must fall back to inquiring parents to â€Å" medicate † them. †¢ Self Esteem: Many schools have emphasized self-pride over and above everything else. Some instructors are afraid to train or demand good behaviour because it will ache the kid ‘s self-pride. School subject has become lax over the old ages, as our relationships have weakened. Amalgamate school systems and mega schools have made the separation between household and school wider than of all time. These mega schools have mostly ignored the local community. In add-on, some parents have lost touch with their kids for many different grounds. For school subject to be successful, we need to reconstruct those relationships. Parents and schools need to work together to transfuse the importance of instruction into kids of all ages. Finding subject processs that work is a occupation for pupils, parents, and instructors to research together. In today ‘s society, working together within the school and community will assist learn kids that working as a squad can efficaciously work out the job. Part VI. Reference Cipani, Ennio: Classroom Management for All instructors: 12 Plans For Evidence-Base Practice. Pearson Custom Printing, 2003 Cohen, David ; Body Language, What You Need To Know, 2007 Froyen, L. A. , A ; Iverson, A. M. ; School-Wide and Classroom Management: The Brooding Educator-Leader ( 3rd Ed. ) . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1999 Iverson, Annette M. Building Competence in Classroom Management and Discipline. Pearson Custom Printing, 2003. Livingston, Drs. Sharon and Glen ; How to Use Body Language. Psy Tech Inc. , 2004 Brodinsky, Ben. Student Discipline: Problems and Solutions. American Association of School Administrators Critical Issues Report. Sacramento, California: Education News Service, 1980. Gram molecules, Oliver C. Strategies to Reduce Student Misbehavior. Washington, D.C. : Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, 1989. Hymowitz, Kay S. : Who Killed School Discipline? City Journal, 2000 A Study On Classroom Management Education Essay Classroom direction accomplishments are an built-in portion of instructional rating of both the pupils and the instructors themselves. Actually, classroom direction schemes are a more toothsome name for schoolroom subject. This paper will discourse the indispensable constituents to do schoolroom direction effectual. Part I. BODY LANGUAGE Body linguistic communication is an of import portion of communicating, which can represent 50 % or more of what we are pass oning. If one wishes to pass on good, so it makes sense to understand how they can ( and can non ) use their organic structure to state what they mean. It comes in bunchs of signals and positions, depending on the internal emotions and mental provinces. Acknowledging a whole bunch is therefore far more dependable than seeking to construe single elements. Body linguistic communication is a term for communicating utilizing organic structure motions or gestures alternatively of, or in add-on to, sounds, verbal linguistic communication or other communicating. It forms portion of the class of paralinguistic communication, which describes all signifiers of human communicating that are non verbal linguistic communication. This includes the most elusive of motions that many people are non cognizant of, including blink and little motion of the superciliums. In add-on, organic structure linguistic communication can besides integrate the usage of facial looks. Although they are by and large non cognizant of it, many people send and receive non-verbal signals all the clip. These signals may bespeak what they are genuinely experiencing. The technique of reading people is used often. For illustration, the thought of mirroring organic structure linguistic communication to set people at easiness is normally used in interviews. It sets the individual being interviewed at easiness. Mirroring the organic structure linguistic communication of person else indicates that they are understood. Body linguistic communication signals may hold a end other than communicating. Both people would maintain this in head. Perceivers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to bespeak the biological beginning of their actions. One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a individual crosses his or her weaponries across the thorax. This can bespeak that a individual is seting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can besides bespeak that the individual ‘s weaponries are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the weaponries or huddling. When the overall state of affairs is amicable, it can intend that a individual is believing profoundly about what is being discussed. However, in a serious or confrontational state of affairs, it can intend that a individual is showing resistance. This is particularly so if the individual is tilting off from the talker. A harsh or clean facial look frequently indicates straight-out ill will. Such a individual is non an ally, and may be sing combative tactics. Consistent oculus contact can bespeak that a individual is believing positively of what the talker is stating. It can besides intend that the other individual does non swear the talker plenty to â€Å" take his or her eyes off † the talker. Lack of oculus contact can bespeak negativeness. On the other manus, persons with anxiousness upsets are frequently unable to do oculus contact without uncomfortableness. Eye contact is frequently a secondary and deceptive gesture because we are taught from an early age to do oculus contact when speech production. If a individual is looking at you but is doing the arms-across-chest signal, the oculus contact could be declarative that something is trouble oneselfing the individual, and that he or she wants to speak about it. Alternatively, if while doing direct oculus contact a individual is shirking with something, even while straight looking at you, it could bespeak the attending is elsewhere. Incredulity is frequently indicated by averted regard, or by touching the ear or rubing the mentum. So is eyestrain, or itching. When a individual is non being convinced by what person is stating, the attending constantly wanders, and the eyes will gaze away for an drawn-out period. Boredom is indicated by the caput leaning to one side, or by the eyes looking directly at the talker but going somewhat unfocused. A caput joust may besides bespeak a sore cervix, and unfocussed eyes may bespeak optic jobs in the hearer. Interest can be indicated through position or extended oculus contact. Deceit or the act of keep backing information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. It should be noted that some people, with certain disablements, or those on the autistic spectrum, usage and understand organic structure linguistic communication otherwise, or non at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial looks, or deficiency thereof, in the context of normal organic structure linguistic communication normally leads to misinterpretations and misunderstandings, particularly if body linguistic communication is given precedence over spoken linguistic communication. It should besides be stated that people from different civilizations could construe organic structure linguistic communication in different ways. Part II. DISCUSS LEGAL ISSUES IN REGARDS TO SCHOOL DISCIPLINE School subject today would be a tougher job than of all time, even without all these alterations, because of the countrywide addition of troubled households and disorderly childs. Some schools, particularly those in interior metropoliss, have pupils who are literally violent criminals. School subject has two chief ends: ( 1 ) guarantee the safety of staff and pupils, and ( 2 ) create an environment conducive to larning. Serious pupil misconduct affecting violent or condemnable behaviour lickings these ends and frequently makes headlines in the procedure. However, the commonest subject jobs involve noncriminal pupil behaviour. These less dramatic jobs may non endanger personal safety, but they still negatively affect the acquisition environment. Disruptions interrupt lessons for all pupils, and riotous pupils lose even more learning clip. Research workers calculate that in many schools, pupils lost 7,932 instructional yearss ( 44 old ages ) in-school and out-of-school suspensions in a individual academic twelvemonth. The being of subject jobs in school may lend to an environment that facilitates school force and offense. On a day-to-day or hebdomadal happening, jobs such as pupil racial tensenesss, intimidation, sexual torment of other pupils, verbal maltreatment of instructors, widespread schoolroom upset, and Acts of the Apostless of discourtesy for instructors in public schools. The happening of unwanted pack and cult activities, and due to the terrible nature of these incidents, nowadayss all studies of pack and cult activities during the school twelvemonth. Secondary school principals across the United States revealed that most decision makers felt more strict due procedure processs should follow in subject instances than those required by federal ordinances and school policies. The principals besides tended to believe that bodily penalty should be permitted under certain fortunes and that both unequal instructor preparation refering subject and a deficiency of equal alternate plans for pupils were the major factors restricting schools ‘ abilities to keep order. However, today principals lack the tools they used to hold for covering even with the boisterous childs. Once, they could throw out such childs for good or direct them to particular schools for the hard-to-discipline. The particular schools have mostly vanished, and province instruction Torahs normally do non let for lasting ejection. So at best, a school might pull off to reassign a pupil criminal elsewhere in the same territory. Educators today besides find their custodies tied when covering with another disruptive and much larger group of pupils, those covered by the 1975 Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) . This jurisprudence, which mandates that schools provide a â€Å" free and appropriate instruction † for kids irrespective of disablement and supply it, furthermore, within regular schoolrooms whenever humanly possible efficaciously strips pedagogues of the authorization to reassign or to suspend for long periods any pupil classified as necessitating particular instruction. This would non count if particular instruction included chiefly the wheelchair-bound or deaf pupils whom we normally think of every bit handicapped. However, it does non. Over the past several decennaries, the figure of kids classified under the mistily defined disablement classs of â€Å" learning disablement † and â€Å" emotional perturbation † has exploded. Many of these childs are those one time merely called â€Å" unwieldy † or â€Å" antisocial † : portion of the legal definition of emotional perturbation is â€Å" an inability to construct or keep satisfactory interpersonal relationships with equals and instructors, â€Å" in other words, to be portion of an orderly community. Prosecutors indicates that disproportional Numberss of the juvenile felons they now see are particular instruction pupils. With IDEA limitations haltering them, school functionaries can non react forcefully when these childs get into battles, expletive instructors, or even put pupils and staff at serious hazard, as excessively frequently happens. One illustration captures the jurisprudence ‘s absurdness. School functionaries in Connecticut caught one pupil go throughing a gun to another on school premises. One, a regular pupil, received a yearlong suspension, as federal jurisprudence requires. The other, handicapped ( he stuttered ) , received merely a 45-day suspension and particular, individualised services, as IDEA requires. Most times, though, schools can non acquire even a 45-day reprieve from the pandemonium these childs can unleash. It is of import to maintain the ultimate end in head while working to better school subject. As instruction research worker ‘s points out, â€Å" the end of good behaviour is necessary, but non sufficient to guarantee academic growing. † Effective school subject schemes seek to promote responsible behaviour and to supply all pupils with a hearty school experience every bit good as to deter misconduct. Part III. CONVENANT AND CONDUCT MANAGEMENT Conduct direction is centered on one ‘s beliefs about the nature of people. By incorporating cognition about human diverseness ( and individualism, at the same clip ) into a peculiar instructional doctrine, instructors could pull off their schoolrooms in a better, more effectual manner. Research workers have pointed out the importance of helping pupils in positive behaviours. In be aftering schoolroom direction, instructors should see utilizing an self-asserting communicating manner and behaviour. In add-on, they should ever cognize what they want their pupils to make and affect them in the several acquisition activities, under the general conditions of clearly and explicitly stated school broad and schoolroom regulations. Harmonizing to Iverson and Froyen, behavior direction is indispensable to the creative activity of a foundation for â€Å" an orderly, task-oriented attack to learning and larning † , therefore taking to allowing pupil ‘s greater independency and liberty through socialisation. An effectual behavior direction program should besides mention to teacher control and disposal of effects. The undermentioned constituents of such a program are focused on in this sum-up: acknowledging responsible behaviours, rectifying irresponsible and inappropriate behaviour, disregarding, propinquity control, soft verbal rebukes, detaining, discriminatory seating, clip owed, time-out, presentment of parents/guardians, written behavioural contract, puting bounds outside the schoolroom, and reinforcement systems. All of these constituents are presented so they can be identified in illustrations of best instruction patterns. Covenant direction stresses the schoolroom group as a societal system. Teacher and pupil functions and outlooks shape the schoolroom into an environment conducive to larning. In other words, the civilization of any given school is alone to that school. However, it is straight influenced by the civilization of the larger community whose educational ends are to be met. A strong connexion between school and community must be invariably revised and modified harmonizing to the demands of social dynamism. As schools become really diverse, instructors and pupils should go cognizant of how to utilize diverseness to beef up the school/classroom societal group. Quality schools are defined by instructor effectivity and pupil accomplishment under the protections of edifice strong interpersonal accomplishments. In this visible radiation, instructor and pupil relationships are indispensable to guaranting a positive school and schoolroom atmosphere. Classroom direction subject jobs can be dealt with either on an single footing ( between instructor and pupil ) or by group job work outing ( category meetings ) . As common trust builds up between instructor and pupils, the latter are bit by bit released from teacher supervising by going separately responsible. This is how both â€Å" pedagogues and pupils become co-participants in the teaching-learning procedure, endeavoring to do the most of themselves and their corporate experience. † Part IV. CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT Plan Classroom direction and schoolroom organisation are intertwined. High school pupils possess sophisticated societal accomplishments and by and large experience that instructors need to gain their regard before they are to the full willing to collaborate. In order to acquire loath pupils on their side, instructors need to show a clear schoolroom direction program that creates a positive acquisition environment and exhibits consistence, lucidity, equity, foresight, and the sharing of a schoolroom direction program. Consistency is instructors tell pupils what to anticipate and so present. This applies to all facets of the high school schoolroom runing from placing trial yearss to presenting direction. Get downing every English category, for illustration, by presenting a inquiry for treatment or written response, helps set up a everyday that pupils can anticipate. Clarity is being clearly explicated their acquisition aims for the class every bit good their outlooks for pupil behaviour. Discuss these subjects with pupils during the first hebdomad of category and supply specific illustrations of what pupils are expected to carry through and how they are expected to act. Practicing schoolroom regulations is non entirely reserved for simple school. By exemplifying through role-play with pupils what is considered appropriate and inappropriate behaviour, instructors leave no room for pupil reading on these of import points. Fairness relates to handling pupils every bit, administrating both congratulations and effects based on behaviour non on the pupil. It besides applies to demoing regard for your pupils by puting realistic outlooks and offering counsel and support to assist pupils achieve those ends. A foresight map out categories in progress with pupils. Spend the first few yearss of category discoursing an overview of what you hope to carry through every bit far as content, accomplishment development, and pupil behaviour and category format. If a pupil does non stay by category outlooks, they know in progress what repercussions they will confront. The sharing of schoolroom direction program is to incarnate these features and high school instructors need to get the hang schoolroom organisation. By showing a elaborate schoolroom direction program in authorship, instructors set the tone for an organized high school schoolroom. A schoolroom direction program includes class aims, category outlooks, assignment calendar, and pupil information. Course Objectives identifies the general subjects your class will cover every bit good as accomplishments your pupils will develop over the class of a semester or school twelvemonth. Class Expectations, or category regulations, include coming to category prepared, turning in assignments on clip and behaving in a manner that Fosters student larning. Be specific in outlooks and be clear about the reverberations pupils will confront if they do non adhere to these regulations. Assignment Calendars should place subjects covered for one one-fourth. Important yearss such as debuts to new units, trials , assignment due day of the months and exam reappraisals should be clearly marked. School vacations and instructor working daies should be outlined every bit good. Student Information should be completed by pupils during the first hebdomad of school. In the event that you want to update parents on a major achievement or severe trouble their kid has encountered in your category, you will hold the necessary contact information available to hasten parent communicating. Part V. RESEARCH ARTICLE In a article written by Sherry H. Brown, School Discipline: What Works and What Does n’t, it does n’t take a batch of research to state us that school subject is different today than it was in the 1950s. This article discussed assorted surveies that showed pupils who misbehave in school express a assortment of grounds for making so: Some think that instructors do non care about them. Others do non desire to be in school at all. They do non see success in school of import anymore. Students are incognizant that bad behaviour will ensue in penalty they will non wish. Discipline hatchet mans have to travel through long processs of due procedure: hearings, specific charges, informants, and entreaties. I read this article to my category, despite these hurdlings ; pupils of Inkster High School agreed that subject is needed in schools. One pupil stated, â€Å" If there were no subject, the school would non be distinguished from the street. † This article pointed out countries that cause disciplinary jobs in school. †¢ Denial: In many schools, their pupils intimidate instructors. Out of fright of revenge, they fail to describe jobs or disregard them trusting that the pupils responsible will discontinue the bad behaviour by themselves. †¢ Troubled Students: State and Federal Torahs require that some particular needs pupils receive particular attending. Many grownups and school systems believe that â€Å" troubled pupils † are non responsible for their actions, therefore they are non punished every bit badly as other pupils are. †¢ Legal Procedures: Because of the raised consciousness of the civil rights of kids, the jurisprudence requires grownups to travel through expensive, time-consuming and confusing processs in respects to school subject. These legal processs do protect the rights of kids, but make it really hard to halt school subject jobs. †¢ Modeling: Many grownups fail to pattern the behaviours they want from pupils. Modeling the regulations that pupils are to follow should be required of all grownups. All grownups in a community, particularly parents and instructors, need to pattern unity, honestness, regard and self-denial. †¢ Enforcement ; Because of internal administrative jobs or deficiency of processs, many school functionaries fail to implement the regulations or punish pupils for misdemeanors. Some fear cases from parents ; others merely do non care, or they are â€Å" burned out. † †¢ Time-out and Detention: In-school suspensions, time-out and detainment have been antique solutions for troubled pupils. Yet today, many pupils do non mind detainment, preferring it to traveling place to an empty or opprobrious family. Many consider time-out a quiet topographic point to work. Detention lets them socialise after school. In add-on, both time-out and detainment get them attending from caring grownups. †¢ Fuzzy Rules: Surveies have shown that many regulations are non purely enforced. Many school and schoolroom regulations do non do sense to pupils. Some subject codifications are â€Å" fuzzed † and non clear on outlooks and penalties. Some riotous pupils are labeled with codifications like ADHD ( Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ) or Emotional Damage. This leads some school staff assume that they can non implement positive behaviour and alternatively must fall back to inquiring parents to â€Å" medicate † them. †¢ Self Esteem: Many schools have emphasized self-pride over and above everything else. Some instructors are afraid to train or demand good behaviour because it will ache the kid ‘s self-pride. School subject has become lax over the old ages, as our relationships have weakened. Amalgamate school systems and mega schools have made the separation between household and school wider than of all time. These mega schools have mostly ignored the local community. In add-on, some parents have lost touch with their kids for many different grounds. For school subject to be successful, we need to reconstruct those relationships. Parents and schools need to work together to transfuse the importance of instruction into kids of all ages. Finding subject processs that work is a occupation for pupils, parents, and instructors to research together. In today ‘s society, working together within the school and community will assist learn kids that working as a squad can efficaciously work out the job. Part VI. Reference Cipani, Ennio: Classroom Management for All instructors: 12 Plans For Evidence-Base Practice. Pearson Custom Printing, 2003 Cohen, David ; Body Language, What You Need To Know, 2007 Froyen, L. A. , A ; Iverson, A. M. ; School-Wide and Classroom Management: The Brooding Educator-Leader ( 3rd Ed. ) . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1999 Iverson, Annette M. Building Competence in Classroom Management and Discipline. Pearson Custom Printing, 2003. Livingston, Drs. Sharon and Glen ; How to Use Body Language. Psy Tech Inc. , 2004 Brodinsky, Ben. Student Discipline: Problems and Solutions. American Association of School Administrators Critical Issues Report. Sacramento, California: Education News Service, 1980. Gram molecules, Oliver C. Strategies to Reduce Student Misbehavior. Washington, D.C. : Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, 1989. Hymowitz, Kay S. : Who Killed School Discipline? City Journal, 2000